![]() Overall, these traditions drew on a small number of case study methodologists and disciplines. Each tradition conceptualised context differently-respectively as the backdrop to, or factors impacting on, the intervention sets of interacting conditions and relationships circumstances triggering intervention mechanisms and socially structured practices. We identified four broad (and to some extent overlapping) research traditions, all using case study in a slightly different way and with different goals: 1) developing and testing complex interventions in healthcare 2) analysing change in organisations 3) undertaking realist evaluations 4) studying complex change naturalistically. Systematic meta-narrative review of the literature comprising (i) a scoping review of seminal texts ( n = 60) on case study methodology and on context, complexity and interventions, (ii) detailed review of empirical literature on case study, context and complex interventions ( n = 71), and (iii) identifying and reviewing ‘hybrid papers’ ( n = 8) focused on the merits and challenges of case study in the evaluation of complex interventions. This study aimed to review and synthesise the literature on case study research across relevant disciplines, and determine relevance to the study of contextual influences on complex interventions in health systems and public health research. However, there is limited guidance on how and when to best use different case study research approaches when evaluating complex interventions. Case study research has the potential to provide such understanding, enabling in-depth investigation of the particularities of phenomena. 2018 18(1):143.There is a growing need for methods that acknowledge and successfully capture the dynamic interaction between context and implementation of complex interventions. Systematic review or scoping review? Guidance for authors when choosing between a systematic or scoping review approach.
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